Current issue

VOL. 8 (2008)

Full text of each article is available in PDF format. CD with full texts could be ordered on our web site.
All articles have been reviewed by the members of Scientific Board.
Organisation of waste management in the armed forces against the background of military changes and new challenges in the Polish Army
Borucka A., Mikosz B.
(in polish)

Abstract
There are two major factors among various elements determining the national existence. The first one is the care for national security, and the second one is respect for the environment.  The main task among the Armed Force’s responsibilities are-according to the Polish Constitution- provision of independence, inviolability of territory, freedom, safety, and sanctity of human and citizen rights. It derives from the fundamental and stable values which were shaped over the years. Those values determine national identity, feeling of affiliation, and the necessity of looking after patriotic values and national pride in a sovereign country.
Preserving national heritage and environment protection in the state of stable development are another aspects of equal importance. Although, the main purpose of the armed forces is to defend the country’s sovereignty, it is without a doubt, that while preventing war, the environment is also protected. On the other hand defensive preparations, army training, and production of military equipment have negative impact on the environment.  It is undoubtedly difficult to combine the priorities of the Army connected with the preparation of soldiers for the combat tasks, with environmental protection. It requires constant compromise between the requirements of environmental protection and military activities, including military training, so that the defensive capabilities of the country would not deteriorate, and it is beyond a doubt that it is much easier to fulfill tasks regarding ecology during a peaceful period, than while   the life of soldiers is endangered. There are more and more such situations, and they are embracing wider circles of the Polish Army, that is why a deeper analysis of the problem is required. There should be new guidelines and new technological assumptions made.
Although damage in the environment may be an inevitable consequence of the conducted operations, planning of the environmental protection should minimize such occurrences without decreasing requirements connected with a given operation, or training.
Superiority of operational aspects has to be assumed, and only early detection of potential threats, and analysis of all aspects may enable working out actions embracing all ecological consequences of the planned operations.
Organisation of waste management during completing stabilization and peace-support missions on foreign soils
Borucka A.
(in polish)

Abstract
Poland has been taking part in peace and stabilization missions since 1953. It has caused Polish army to change its face in terms of development and soldier training, training methods, as well as means of combat and logistics contingent security. The missions are both, the source of new experiences and challenges for the armed forces in many aspects of soldiers’ art. It derives from the necessity of adaptation to the specificity of conflicts in many regions of the world, and to the imposed – by joining various international organizations – law. It defines the ways of actions in every branch of military activity on foreign soil. It also touches the problem of environmental protection, which nowadays is significant even in combat conditions, and only situations directly threatening human life give reason not to care about natural environment. Taking actions according to the rules of nature in the time of war is probably a difficult task, which is often limited to the conditions of a given country, but the necessity of common care about the environment makes commanders make such decisions which - if not completely remove the threat - will minimize its impact on natural environment.
Investigation on thermal regeneration of spent activated carbons
Stelmach S,. Wasielewski R.
(in polish)

Abstract
The subject of regeneration of spent carbonaceous adsorbents has been discussed. The results of thermal regeneration of activated carbon, which was used for adsorptive cleaning of wastewaters containing synthetic biocides, has been presented. Regeneration tests have been done using testing stand equipped with fixed-bed reactor and steam has been exploited as a activating agent. The quality of regenerated adsorbents has been evaluated using standard method based on nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The results obtained show, that during thermal regeneration it is possible to re-create original microporous structure of activated carbon.

Recycling of municipal waste – analysis selected problems and proposition of new solution based on computer support
Kwiatkowski M.
(in polish)

Abstract
The aim of this work was to present problems connected with municipal waste manage-ment, particularly main economic and social aspects connected with recycling were intro-duced and new proposition organization, monitoring and optimization of municipal waste selective collection system based on computer support was introduced. In last years avoid-ance, minimizing of waste generation and recycling have been given high priority in recognition of the fact that on the one hand waste may represent a valuable resource, and on the other hand inappropriate management and disposal may have a negative impact on the environment and on society health conditions. Minimization of space requirements for landfilling and developing recycling methods play very important roles in present waste management. Prevention and minimization of the municipal waste generation and recycling are given high priority by the European Union waste policy, as the most desirable methods of the waste treatment.

The problem of utilization of municipal wastes on example in Vladivostok waste dump
Biegańska J., Kulikov V. N. , Korneev A. V.
(in polish)

Abstract
History and present state of waste dump in Vladivostok – the most important sea port on Russian Pacific coast – was described in the article. Dues to necessity of closing the old dump and construction of new one the possibilities of municipal waste were discussed. On the basis of waste composition the conversion of waste into synthetic liquid fuel, based on OOO NPP «Ènergiâ – KM» technology, was proposed.

Application of FTIR absorption spectroscopy to characterize waste and biofuels for pyrolysis and gasification
Kalisz S.,  Svoboda K., Robak Z.,  Baxter D., Andersen L.K.
(in english)

Abstract
The paper discusses the various applications of FTIR absorption spectroscopy as a tool for characterizing waste biofuels for pyrolysis and gasification. The FTIR spectrometer used in the study allows for analysis of solid and liquid waste and biofuel samples. Further, an attached dedicated gas cell is used in the characterization of gases evolving during pyrolysis in a versatile pyrolyser/gasifier attached to the FTIR. The pyrolyser operates in a batch mode and generates large quantities of product samples suitable for further chemical and physical analysis. The paper presents the preliminary results from investigation of the pyro-lysis gases from three different biofuels: pure cotton, wood and fuel made from a mixture of biomass and plastics (ROFIRE®). First, certain characteristic classes of components are identified in the gas, and second, an attempt is made to explain the origin of the gas compo-nents based on the known chemical constituents of the waste/biofuel.
Investigations of heat station with the boiler utilizing pellet burner
Juszczak M.
(in english)

Abstract
Pellets burner was situated in log- wood heating boiler of 20 kW thermal output and pre-liminary investigation was performed. Experimental set-up was located in Poznan Univer-sity of  Technology in laboratory heat station belonged to Institute of Environmental Engi-neering. This heat station can be considered as part of physical model of small district heat-ing system, because is connected ( by help of small underground  water heat network) with heat transfer unit located in small research family house. Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen oxide NO, nitrogen oxides NOx ( calculated to NO2) and dust concentra-tions were measured in flue gas as well as boiler flow and thermal parameters: thermal output, water temperature and volume stream rate and hydraulic pressure loss, heat quantity obtained by water. Pollutant concentration medium values ( normalized to 10% oxygen concentration in flue gas) were estimated after preliminary measurement, which lasted about 1.5 hour: CO - 531 mg/nm3, NO - 135 mg/nm3, NOx - 219 mg/m3, dust - 86 mg/m3. Parameters variations during measurement period were presented in the diagram. Unfortu-nately, the dust in the filter bag of dust meter had black color that indicates appearance significant amount of incompletely combustion products. Appearance of these substances is caused probably by immediate, contact of flue gas from the burner with cold wall of the boiler heat exchanger. The boiler was working without dust collector , but a lot of the dust was collected on heat exchange surface of the boiler.