vol. 2, 2005

Full text of each article is available in PDF format. CD with full texts could be ordered on our web site.
All articles have been reviewed by the members of Scientific Board.


Products of thermal processing of beverage packages
(in Polish)
Nowakowski J., Wandrasz J.W.
Abstract
Although there is plenty of space to build landfills, some areas especially located in the neighbourhoods of cities may not longer be running for new landfills. Therefore countries and communities are looking for new ways to manage with municipal solid waste problem.
Retrieval of materials found in the waste stream to a beneficial use as well as energy reclaiming plays presently very important role. The EU in their policy and regulations obliges us to find any effective methods and facilities in order to meet new standards in the waste management.
The paper describes a thermal decomposition method of three-component beverage packages containing among others the aluminium layer. An attention has mainly been focused on three products, namely: charcoal, wax and process gas. These products have been investigated in order to determine their calorific value and the other fuel properties. Based on the analysis results it was possible to evaluate the suitability for further use generally as an energy carrier. Aluminium as a recycled material has also been intended for further use.


Investigation of the dewatered sludge thermal utilization in cokemaking process
(in Polish)
Wasielewski R., Sobolewski A., Kosewska M., Wróbelska K.
Abstract
Investigations of coking process of coal mixtures with addition of both the dewatered sewage sludge and coke dust from dry cooling process were carried out. The influence of quantity of these additives on coke quality indices, the CRI (Coke Reactivity Index) and CSR (Coke Strength after Reaction), was analysed. This process decreases the quality of coke, because sewage sludge consist great amount of mineral matter. From the technological point of view an acceptable amount of the dewatered  sewage sludge addition is up to 4% after preparation with the coke dust.

The sewage sludge in thermal utilization
(in Polish)
Reęko K.
Abstract 
The publication presents the metod of mutual management of sewage sludge and carbon mud waste. The research enabled the acquisition of the granulate having the parameters allowing to the mutual management of both wastes in thermal utylization. The features and content of the received granulate allows to use it as a basic fuel or fuel addition for example: in power boiler. The introduction of the granulate received from the sewage sludge and carbon mud waste to producing processes in the solution not only to the problem of the management of arduous waste such as sewage sludge and lers harmful carbon mud, but can also cause important carbon saving. The effect of the investigation was the granulate mixture. Production of thismixture does not make any technical difficulties and may be realized with minimal outlay.

Concept of technology of energy effective utilization of waste products
(in Polish)
Poskrobko S.,  £ach J.
Abstract 
The paper is devoted to the presentation of concept of investigations directed to the elaboration of the technology which makes possible effective utilization of industrial waste (i.e. biomass and polymer waste) as a fuel with closely defined thermal properties and emission rate of pollutants. In order to obtain low-condensed synthesis gas, in frames of research we would like to verify burning, co-firing with hard coal as well as gasification technologies. Beside high efficiency of fuel chemical energy conversion into thermal energy, investigations in real and laboratory's scale must estimate emission of pollutants.

Equilibrium Modeling Of The Gasification Of Solid Wastes
(in English)
Adam £ucko¶
Abstract
Gasification is an attractive alternative for the thermal treatment of solid wastes. The number of possible applications of product gas allows gasification to be integrated with several industrial processes (production of transportation fuels, chemicals and hydrogen), as well as power generation systems. In this paper important physical and chemical characteristics of solid wastes as fuel are summarized and compared with conventional fossil fuels, primarily coal. Main conversion processes for municipal solid wastes (MSW) are briefly discussed. A non-stoichiometric equilibrium model is developed to predict the performance of an oxygen-blown MSW gasifier. The equilibrium composition and calorific value of product gas as a function of temperature, pressure and oxygen ratio are calculated. The predictions of the model show that oxygen-blown gasification of MSW can produce a medium heating-value gas suitable for both power generation and chemical synthesis.

Investigations of Birch and Alder Bark  Mixture Thermal Utilization in the Heating Boiler Working in Unsteady Condition
(in English)
Juszczak M.
Abstract
The wooden waste thermal utilization study was performed. A mixture of birch and alder bark from plywood factory was utilized in the boiler of 25 kW heat power and  70 l water capacity. The process was performed in two steps: pyrolisis and combustion of wooden gas in the nozzle. The boiler was working without heat storage and therefore sometimes the boiler water temperature increased quickly above 80°C and the  fan supplying the air for combustion  stopped and started again  when the temperature went down below 75°C. The measurements were carried out during the whole time of thermal utilization process including periods of low boiler water temperature and low flame temperature of in the nozzle. In this unsteady condition the value of the carbon monoxide concentration was too high and heat efficiency value was below 50%. The following parameters were measured: volume stream rate and temperature of boiler water, also heat quantity obtained by boiler water, heat power (using ultrasonic heat meter), flame temperature in the nozzle, temperature of flue gases, carbon monoxide and nitric oxide concentrations, air excess rate of the flue gases in the stack (using thermocouples and gas analyzer with electrochemical cells). All these parameters were registered  manually every three minutes.

Indicative Investigation Of Mass Transport In Thermal Transformation Of Waste Plants Equipment
(in Polish)
Jaworski T. J.
Abstract

The results of experiments dealing with mass transport on the forward and reciprocal grate involving trace mass elements were presented in the paper.


Review of type and quantity of grease and oil waste in Poland
(in Polish)
Ferenc Z., Pikoń K.
Abstract
In the article waste fat market in Poland has been analyzed. Quality and quantity analyze has been made as well as evaluation of the total quantity of waste fat produced in Poland. Analyzed shown in the article include animal fat, waste fat remaining after frying processes and post-refining fatty acids. All data was obtained for reliable sources like annual reports of corporations producing waste fat. In the article several remarks about reliability of sources of information about waste management was made.


Wastes management proceeding undre the National Master Plan of Municipal Waste Management regulations
(in Polish)
Alwaeli M.
Abstract
Municipal wastes should not be treated as uncomfortable ballast, they are the source of valuable materials which can be received and used again.
Special attention should be pased on municipal sector. National Master Plan of Municipal Wastes Management is connected with recovery and municipal wastes utylization, especially biodegradable wastes. In this paper on the basis of data from different sources current states and prespective of municipal wastes utilization between 2006 and 2014 were discussed.