VOL. 12 issue 4 (2010)
Full
text of each
article is
available in PDF format. CD with full texts could be ordered on our web
site.
All articles have been reviewed by the members of Scientific Board.
Evaluation
of co, no, nox and dust
concentration values in flue gas from thermal conversion of straw
ballots
Juszczak M.
(in English)
Abstract
Industrial research of straw ballot combustion in a newly
constructed furnace connected with a fire tube steam boiler, type ERm
125, was
presented. Four ballots of rape straw and four ballots of wheat-rye
straw
(dimensions: 1.2 x 0.8 x 2.2 m; weight: approx. 210
kg) were delivered to the furnace one by one with
a belt conveyor and burnt out (“cigar combustion”). The entire
prototype furnace
with a heat output of approx. 1.8 MW (nominal value) was produced in
Poland.
The installation is located in a small countryside alcohol distillery
in Wielkopolska, Poland. Straw constitutes
agricultural waste obtained from the fields belonging to the alcohol
distillery. Previously, hard coal was used as fuel in the steam boiler.
The
temperature in the furnace, O2, CO, NO, NOx and dust concentrations,
as well as air excess rate and temperature in the flue gas were
measured.
Pollutant emission indicators were calculated. Pollutant concentrations
were
only estimated, as in industrial measurements during thermal conversion
of only
8 ballots, it was impossible to obtain the precision equal to
laboratory
conditions. Pollutant concentrations and other parameter values were
averaged for
the firing period of each ballot. Dust concentration, however, was
measured
only once per each 4-ballot firing test. Measurement errors were
calculated.
Heat demand of alcohol distillery was changing significantly during the
measurements. Unfortunately, heat installation was not equipped with a
heat storage
and an automatic device with oxygen probe located downstream the
furnace (for
air stream regulation). Straw ballot moisture was too high and a lot of
air was
used for combustion (to dry straw first). In these conditions, air
excess rate
in the furnace was too high, furnace temperature was too low and carbon
monoxide concentration was very high. During the measurements, a
significant influence
of furnace temperature on carbon monoxide concentration was observed.
Testing
of
basic
fuel parameters of the
upholstery wastes in the light of their utilization in cement furnace
Czop M., Gebauer E.
(in Polish)
Abstract
The article presents the results of tests of upholstery wastes from the
automobile industry performed to render them harmless in the process of
joint burning in cement furnace. Fast development of the civilization
is tightly related to the intense production of wastes. In the whole
world the issue of the wastes become a global problem. Therefore, newer
and newer technologies are being prepared in order utilize or transform
the wastes. One of the possibility to use upholstery wastes is to treat
them as a potential source of power. Cement industry is the branch of
the economy which successfully has been using waste fuels for over 20
years.
Investigations
of
thermo-catalytic
conversion
of the gas mixture with a composition similar to syngas from
biomass gasification in a reactor with a ceramic permeable barrier
Łabojko G., Stelmach S.
(in Polish)
Abstract
The use of process gas from the biomass gasification requires
gas treatment to the levels of pollutants content which are in
accordance with the specific requirements for particular application.
Currently, the main problem in the syngas purification are tar and
dust. Tar contained in the raw gas from biomass gasification can
deposit on the surfaces of the installation, which reduces the
efficiency of its individual components, and increases operating costs.
The paper presents preliminary results of model calculations and
studies on thermal and catalytic conversion of higher hydrocarbons
(tar) contained in the process gas with a composition similar to gas
from biomass gasification, which have been carried out in reactor with
inert ceramic permeable barrier. The results obtained confirm that the
conversion of tars using a reactor with inert ceramic permeable barrier
is technically feasible and allows to gain high levels of higher
hydrocarbons decomposition.
Energy,
economic
and
ecological problems of
waste management
Kwiatkowski M.
(in English)
Abstract
The aim of this work was to present energy, economic and ecological
problems connected with municipal waste management in Poland. In recent
years, avoidance, minimizing waste generation and recycling have been
given high priority in recognition of the fact that on the one hand
waste may represent a valuable resource, while on the other,
inappropriate management and disposal of waste may have a negative
impact on the environment and on social health conditions. Minimization
of space requirements for landfill and developing recycling methods
play very important roles in waste management at present. Prevention
and minimization of the municipal waste generation and recycling are
given high priority by the European Union waste policy, as the most
desirable methods of the waste treatment. Recycling of municipal solid
waste has been offered in this article as an alternative to traditional
forms of waste disposal, such as landfill, and very expensive and
controversial ones, such as incineration.
Possibilities
of
utilizing
used tires in
whole
Januszewicz K., Melaniuk M., Ryms M., Klugmann- Radziemska E.
(in Polish)
Abstract
Continuously growing demand for all kinds of vehicles and general
tendency to regular exchange of tires are causing growth of scrap tires
which need management. It is worth noticing that tires which have been
intended for retreading are not classified as waste by EU law.
Possibilities of utilizing whole tires have been presented in the
article. There have been described retreading process and product
recycling in detail. The main advantage of mentioned methods is that
they do not require previous treatment or grinding therefore all costs
connected with these processes are eliminated. Product recycling
consists in using of scrap tires for civil and environmental
engineering. Retreading process enables to increase maximally service
life of tire thereby it limits consumption of raw materials. Both
discussed methods are profitable, lead to dispose of scrap tires, do
not generate any waste and are the most environment friendly of all
recycling procedures.
Plasma technologies for
purification of product gases from biomass gasification
Pikoń K., Czekalska Z., Stelmach S., Ścierski W.
(in Polish)
Abstract
Gasification is a popular method of conversion of biomass into gas
fuel. One of the disadvantages of technologies of that type is presence
of various ingredients which make gained gas difficult to use. One of
them is tar. The paper is focused on analysis of possibilities of tear
removal from gained gas using plasma methods. The general concept was
described as well as construction of the reactors used. The examples of
change of gas composition before and after reactor (including VOC)
during lab tests are quoted in the paper.